Session(รวม)-Sum11[1]
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The document provides an overview and introduction to an economic analysis and public policy course. It outlines the main elements and goals of a typical policy analysis, including describing the problem, history of past policy responses, policy goals and alternatives, and making a recommendation. It then provides an example analysis of the Canadian salmon fishery issue to illustrate these elements. The document concludes by discussing competition and economic efficiency in markets, and how to gather information for conducting a policy analysis.
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Session(รวม) sum11[1]
The document provides an introduction and overview of an economic analysis and public policy course. It outlines the main elements of a policy analysis, including describing the problem, history of past policy responses, goals of potential policies, alternatives, and recommendations. It also discusses the main elements of an example policy analysis of the Canadian salmon fishery, following the same structure. The document notes some limitations of student projects in the course and provides guidance on gathering information. It previews topics to be covered in future sessions, including market failures related to public goods and externalities.
Session(all)
This document provides an introduction and overview of an economic analysis and public policy course. It outlines the main elements and goals of a typical policy analysis, including describing the problem, history of past policy responses, goals of potential policies, alternatives to address the problem, and a recommendation. It then provides an example analysis of the Canadian salmon fishery to illustrate these elements. The document also discusses key economic concepts like efficiency, consumer surplus, and producer surplus that are important to policy analysis.
เอกสารประกอบการบรรยาย (Powerpoint)
The document provides an introduction and overview of an economic analysis and public policy course. It outlines the purpose of the course as acquiring knowledge of economic concepts relevant to policy analysis and exploring the policy analysis process. The main elements of a sample policy analysis on the Canadian salmon fishery are described, including describing the problem, history of responses, goals, alternatives, and a recommendation. The document also discusses the main elements that should be included in student projects for the course.
Session(รวม) sum11[1]
This document provides an overview and introduction to an economic analysis and public policy course. It discusses the main elements of a typical policy analysis, including describing the problem, history of past policy responses, goals of potential policies, alternatives to address the problem, and a recommendation. It gives an example analysis of the Canadian salmon fishery to illustrate these elements. It also discusses the main points that will be covered in the initial sessions, including the nature of policy analysis and how to gather information for a policy analysis project.
10 ways to turn a good paper into a great one
The document provides 10 tips for improving economics papers. It emphasizes (1) focusing analyses on marginal changes rather than precise equilibrium points, (2) considering unintended consequences of policies and the dynamic nature of markets, and (3) accounting for how policies impact various stakeholders. It also recommends considering (4) different time periods, (5) non-linear demand and supply curves, (6) how changing elasticities can strengthen analyses, (7) interrelated markets, and (8) how relative prices and incentives affect behavior. Additionally, it notes the importance of (9) expectations and (10) applying the cost-benefit principle to evaluate policies.
IIIE SECTION A ECONOMICS NOTES Economics question papers
Economics can be defined as the study of how societies allocate scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It deals with production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, as well as the transfer of wealth. As economics involves human behavior, it is considered a social science rather than an exact science. The main focus of economics is scarcity - the gap between limited resources and unlimited wants. Scarcity forces people and societies to make choices about how to use resources.
Ep elo
- The concept of pure competition requires complete information availability to all market participants about prices and conditions. If full information is lacking, the market mechanism can fail.
- Transaction costs, such as the effort involved in exchanges, are another potential cause of market failure if the costs outweigh efficiency gains.
- Externalities, which are effects on third parties not involved in exchanges, can lead to market failure if their costs and benefits are not reflected in market prices. This is an important topic that will be discussed later.
Public Policy Analysis (PPA)PresentationBYDr. Henry Akwo E.docx
Public Policy Analysis (PPA)
Presentation
BY
Dr. Henry Akwo Elonge
1
PPA
Introduction to Public Policy Analysis
What is Public Policy: Public policy is concerned with what governments choose to do, why they do it and what difference it makes in society.
Public policies may regulate, distribute and even extract resources from members of the society
Policy Analysis attempts to describe, analyze and explain public policy. It is the description and explanation of the causes and consequences of governmental activities
2
PPA
Specifically, Policy Analysis involves:
A primary concern with explanation rather than prescription
A rigorous search for the causes and consequences of public policies
An effort to develop and test general propositions about the causes of public policies and to accumulate reliable research findings
3
PPA
Limitations of Policy Analysis:
The limits of government power. What governments can/cannot do
Public dis-agreements over the nature of problems in society
Subjectivity in analysis and interpretation
Limitations on research design and methodologies
Complexity of human problems/ Human diversity
“Today’s solutions constitute tomorrow’s problems”
4
PPA
Expert Definitions of Public Policy:
David Easton( The Political System – 1953) defines public policy as” the authoritative allocation of values for the whole of society>”
Harold Lasswell and Abraham Kaplan (Power and Society – 1970) define public policy as a projected program of goals, values and practices
Carl J. Friedrich ( Man and His Government – 1963) stresses that the policy concept should have a goal, an objective and a purpose.
Charles Jones ( Introduction to the Study of Public Policy – 1977) breaks down the notion of public policy into various components and parts and measurable impacts
5
PPA
According to Weimer and Vining, policy analysis is client-oriented advice relevant to public decisions and informed by social values.
Michael Kraft and Scott Furlong indicate that analysis means deconstructing an object of study, that is breaking it down into its basic elements to understand it better. It is the examination of components of public policy, the policy process or both.
6
PPA
Utility of models in Policy Analysis
Models are simplified representations of reality or some aspect of the real world; It may be an actual physical representation or a diagram or road map Models
Simplify and clarify our thinking about politics and public policy
Identify important aspects of policy problems
Help us communicate with each other by focusing on essential features of political life;
Direct our efforts to understand public policy better
Suggest explanations for public policy and predict its consequences
7
PPA
Models are mainly abstractions of the real life. Are they Useful in policy analysis?
Can models order and Simplify reality. Yes they can. But too much simplification may also lead to a false sense of the reality. Models are only ...
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Session(รวม) sum11[1]
The document provides an introduction and overview of an economic analysis and public policy course. It outlines the main elements of a policy analysis, including describing the problem, history of past policy responses, goals of potential policies, alternatives, and recommendations. It also discusses the main elements of an example policy analysis of the Canadian salmon fishery, following the same structure. The document notes some limitations of student projects in the course and provides guidance on gathering information. It previews topics to be covered in future sessions, including market failures related to public goods and externalities.
Session(all)
This document provides an introduction and overview of an economic analysis and public policy course. It outlines the main elements and goals of a typical policy analysis, including describing the problem, history of past policy responses, goals of potential policies, alternatives to address the problem, and a recommendation. It then provides an example analysis of the Canadian salmon fishery to illustrate these elements. The document also discusses key economic concepts like efficiency, consumer surplus, and producer surplus that are important to policy analysis.
เอกสารประกอบการบรรยาย (Powerpoint)
The document provides an introduction and overview of an economic analysis and public policy course. It outlines the purpose of the course as acquiring knowledge of economic concepts relevant to policy analysis and exploring the policy analysis process. The main elements of a sample policy analysis on the Canadian salmon fishery are described, including describing the problem, history of responses, goals, alternatives, and a recommendation. The document also discusses the main elements that should be included in student projects for the course.
Session(รวม) sum11[1]
This document provides an overview and introduction to an economic analysis and public policy course. It discusses the main elements of a typical policy analysis, including describing the problem, history of past policy responses, goals of potential policies, alternatives to address the problem, and a recommendation. It gives an example analysis of the Canadian salmon fishery to illustrate these elements. It also discusses the main points that will be covered in the initial sessions, including the nature of policy analysis and how to gather information for a policy analysis project.
10 ways to turn a good paper into a great one
The document provides 10 tips for improving economics papers. It emphasizes (1) focusing analyses on marginal changes rather than precise equilibrium points, (2) considering unintended consequences of policies and the dynamic nature of markets, and (3) accounting for how policies impact various stakeholders. It also recommends considering (4) different time periods, (5) non-linear demand and supply curves, (6) how changing elasticities can strengthen analyses, (7) interrelated markets, and (8) how relative prices and incentives affect behavior. Additionally, it notes the importance of (9) expectations and (10) applying the cost-benefit principle to evaluate policies.
IIIE SECTION A ECONOMICS NOTES Economics question papers
Economics can be defined as the study of how societies allocate scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It deals with production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, as well as the transfer of wealth. As economics involves human behavior, it is considered a social science rather than an exact science. The main focus of economics is scarcity - the gap between limited resources and unlimited wants. Scarcity forces people and societies to make choices about how to use resources.
Ep elo
- The concept of pure competition requires complete information availability to all market participants about prices and conditions. If full information is lacking, the market mechanism can fail.
- Transaction costs, such as the effort involved in exchanges, are another potential cause of market failure if the costs outweigh efficiency gains.
- Externalities, which are effects on third parties not involved in exchanges, can lead to market failure if their costs and benefits are not reflected in market prices. This is an important topic that will be discussed later.
Public Policy Analysis (PPA)PresentationBYDr. Henry Akwo E.docx
Public Policy Analysis (PPA)
Presentation
BY
Dr. Henry Akwo Elonge
1
PPA
Introduction to Public Policy Analysis
What is Public Policy: Public policy is concerned with what governments choose to do, why they do it and what difference it makes in society.
Public policies may regulate, distribute and even extract resources from members of the society
Policy Analysis attempts to describe, analyze and explain public policy. It is the description and explanation of the causes and consequences of governmental activities
2
PPA
Specifically, Policy Analysis involves:
A primary concern with explanation rather than prescription
A rigorous search for the causes and consequences of public policies
An effort to develop and test general propositions about the causes of public policies and to accumulate reliable research findings
3
PPA
Limitations of Policy Analysis:
The limits of government power. What governments can/cannot do
Public dis-agreements over the nature of problems in society
Subjectivity in analysis and interpretation
Limitations on research design and methodologies
Complexity of human problems/ Human diversity
“Today’s solutions constitute tomorrow’s problems”
4
PPA
Expert Definitions of Public Policy:
David Easton( The Political System – 1953) defines public policy as” the authoritative allocation of values for the whole of society>”
Harold Lasswell and Abraham Kaplan (Power and Society – 1970) define public policy as a projected program of goals, values and practices
Carl J. Friedrich ( Man and His Government – 1963) stresses that the policy concept should have a goal, an objective and a purpose.
Charles Jones ( Introduction to the Study of Public Policy – 1977) breaks down the notion of public policy into various components and parts and measurable impacts
5
PPA
According to Weimer and Vining, policy analysis is client-oriented advice relevant to public decisions and informed by social values.
Michael Kraft and Scott Furlong indicate that analysis means deconstructing an object of study, that is breaking it down into its basic elements to understand it better. It is the examination of components of public policy, the policy process or both.
6
PPA
Utility of models in Policy Analysis
Models are simplified representations of reality or some aspect of the real world; It may be an actual physical representation or a diagram or road map Models
Simplify and clarify our thinking about politics and public policy
Identify important aspects of policy problems
Help us communicate with each other by focusing on essential features of political life;
Direct our efforts to understand public policy better
Suggest explanations for public policy and predict its consequences
7
PPA
Models are mainly abstractions of the real life. Are they Useful in policy analysis?
Can models order and Simplify reality. Yes they can. But too much simplification may also lead to a false sense of the reality. Models are only ...
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This document discusses key concepts in economics including:
1) It defines economics as the study of how society allocates scarce resources among competing demands. It also discusses microeconomics and macroeconomics.
2) It outlines the basic economic problem of unlimited wants and scarce resources, and how this leads to resource allocation and choice.
3) It explains key economic terms like efficiency, opportunity cost, comparative advantage, demand and supply, and different market structures including monopoly, perfect competition, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition.
10 ways to turn a good paper into a great one
This document provides 10 tips for improving economics papers. It emphasizes analyzing issues at the margin, understanding unintended consequences of policies, considering stakeholders, using appropriate time periods, recognizing non-linear demand/supply curves, changing elasticities to develop analysis, interrelated markets, relative prices and incentives, the role of expectations, and applying the cost-benefit principle. The overall message is to thoughtfully apply economic concepts and consider unintended impacts, incentives, and the limitations of both markets and government intervention.
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3) Scarcity means desired resources are limited, requiring rationing systems like markets, tradition, or central planning.
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1) Economics involves making choices due to scarce resources and unlimited wants. It uses scientific methods to study and explain human behavior.
2) Opportunity cost is the cost of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made. It does not involve actual payment but represents the value of the best alternative not chosen.
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Running Header ECONOMICS PAPER 1Ngai Lam Oscar Wong.docx
Running Header: ECONOMICS PAPER
1
Ngai Lam Oscar Wong
Eco 102
Professor William Albanos
2/14/2013
Question 1)
A)Positive Vs Normative Economic Analysis Statements
Economics as an academic discipline quite commonly uses idea from media analysts, business consultants as well as advisers on government policy. It is therefore very imperative for an individual to understand instances when economists make objective, evidence-based statements concerning the world works as well as when they are making value judgments on policies issues (Beggs). In this case, economist usually uses positive and normative economic in analysis statements. Positive economic statement can be defined as objective, descriptive and factual statement that can be tested amended or rejected by referring to the available evidence and that deal with objective explanation and the testing and rejection of theories. On the other hand, negative economic statement can be referred to as statements that are subjective, prescriptive and value-based statements rather than objective statements. Positive economic statement is therefore objective and fact based, while normative economic statement is subjective and value based. Positive economic statements do not have to be correct, but they must be able to be tested and proved or disproved. Normative economic statements are opinion based, so they cannot be proved or disproved.
In summaries, a positive statement is a statement about what is and that contains no indication of approval or disapproval. It is the study of the causal relationships that exist in the economy. Positive economics deals with objective explanation and the testing and rejection of theories. It just states what the relationship is. There are no value judgments involved. The statement “if taxes on tobacco is doubled, there will be substantial reduction in tobacco consumption” is a positive economic statement. It just states what the situation is. “If government subsidy to basic education is reduced, there will be higher drop-outs among children of poor families”, is another positive economic statement.
On the other hand, a normative statement expresses a judgment about whether a situation is desirable or undesirable. Value judgments play an integral part in the ranking of possible objectives and the choices to be made among them. "The world would be a better place if the moon were made of green cheese" is a normative statement because it expresses a judgment about what ought to be ,buy most statements are not easily categorized as purely positive or purely normative. For example: Unemployment is more harmful than inflation. Notice that there is no way of disproving this statement. If you disagree with it, you have no sure way of convincing someone who believes the statement that he is wrong. Normative statements are subjective statements rather than objective statements – i.e. they carry value judgments. For example, price of second hand cars are falling. How.
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Chapter 5: Efficiency and Equity
· Using prices in markets to allocate scarce resources is one of many alternative methods of allocating scarce resources.
· Tools such as consumer surplus and producer surplus help evaluate efficiency.
· The outcomes from the various methods used to allocate scarce resources, especially markets, can be examined in terms of both their efficiency and fairness.
I.
Resource Allocation Methods
Resources are scarce, so they somehow must be allocated. Different methods of allocating resources include:
· Market price: The people who are willing and able to buy a resource get the resource.
· Command: a command system allocates resources by the order (command) of someone in authority. A command system works well in organizations with clear lines of authority but does not work well at allocating resources in the entire economy.
· Majority rule: resources are allocated in accordance with majority vote. Majority rule works well when the allocation decisions being made affect a large number of people and self-interest leads to bad decisions.
· Contest: resources are allocated to the winner. Contests work well when the efforts of the players are hard to measure, such as top managers being in a contest to be named CEO of a company.
· First-come, first-serve: resources are allocated to those who are first in line. This allocation method works well when the resource can serve just one user at a time in a sequence, as is the case with, say, a bank teller or an ATM.
· Lottery: resources are allocated to the people who pick the winning number, choose the lucky card, etc. Lotteries work best when there is no effective way to distinguish among potential users of a scarce resource.
· Personal characteristics: resources are allocated to people with the “right” characteristics.
· Force: resources are allocated to those who can forcibly take the resources.
II.
Benefit, Cost, and Surplus
Demand, Willingness to Pay, and Value
· The value of one more unit of a good or service is its marginal benefit. Marginal benefit is the maximum price that people are willing to pay for another unit of a good or service. And the willingness to pay for a good or service determines the demand for it. Consequently the demand curve for a good or service is also its marginal benefit curve.
· The market demand curve is the horizontal sum of the individual demand curves and is formed by adding the quantities demanded by all the individuals at each price.
· The demand curve in the figure shows that the maximum price a person is willing to pay for the 6 millionth gallon of milk per month is $3, so $3 is the marginal benefit of this gallon.
· MSB curve: In the absence of externalities, which will be discussed later, the market demand curve is also the economy’s marginal social benefit (MSB) curve. It reflects the number of dollars’ worth of other goods and services willingly given up to obtain one more unit of a good.
· The figure shows that the ...
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Running Header ECONOMICS PAPER 1Ngai Lam Oscar Wong.docx
Running Header: ECONOMICS PAPER
1
Ngai Lam Oscar Wong
Eco 102
Professor William Albanos
2/14/2013
Question 1)
A)Positive Vs Normative Economic Analysis Statements
Economics as an academic discipline quite commonly uses idea from media analysts, business consultants as well as advisers on government policy. It is therefore very imperative for an individual to understand instances when economists make objective, evidence-based statements concerning the world works as well as when they are making value judgments on policies issues (Beggs). In this case, economist usually uses positive and normative economic in analysis statements. Positive economic statement can be defined as objective, descriptive and factual statement that can be tested amended or rejected by referring to the available evidence and that deal with objective explanation and the testing and rejection of theories. On the other hand, negative economic statement can be referred to as statements that are subjective, prescriptive and value-based statements rather than objective statements. Positive economic statement is therefore objective and fact based, while normative economic statement is subjective and value based. Positive economic statements do not have to be correct, but they must be able to be tested and proved or disproved. Normative economic statements are opinion based, so they cannot be proved or disproved.
In summaries, a positive statement is a statement about what is and that contains no indication of approval or disapproval. It is the study of the causal relationships that exist in the economy. Positive economics deals with objective explanation and the testing and rejection of theories. It just states what the relationship is. There are no value judgments involved. The statement “if taxes on tobacco is doubled, there will be substantial reduction in tobacco consumption” is a positive economic statement. It just states what the situation is. “If government subsidy to basic education is reduced, there will be higher drop-outs among children of poor families”, is another positive economic statement.
On the other hand, a normative statement expresses a judgment about whether a situation is desirable or undesirable. Value judgments play an integral part in the ranking of possible objectives and the choices to be made among them. "The world would be a better place if the moon were made of green cheese" is a normative statement because it expresses a judgment about what ought to be ,buy most statements are not easily categorized as purely positive or purely normative. For example: Unemployment is more harmful than inflation. Notice that there is no way of disproving this statement. If you disagree with it, you have no sure way of convincing someone who believes the statement that he is wrong. Normative statements are subjective statements rather than objective statements – i.e. they carry value judgments. For example, price of second hand cars are falling. How.
Micro Economics.pptx
Economics refers to choices made regarding production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services during scarcity. Microeconomics studies individual and firm decision-making in times of scarcity. It examines market structures and how entities interact, analyzes supply and demand impacts on production and price, understands cost reduction and profit increase, and studies resource distribution. Microeconomics considers factors like elasticity of demand, supply and demand law, utility, costs, marginal cost, opportunity cost, market failure, externalities, and market structures to understand individual and firm behavior.
Economics
This document provides an introduction to market systems and key economic concepts. It defines a market system as any process that enables buyers and sellers to interact and make deals. It also discusses the law of marginal utility, demand versus desire, demand curves, factors that affect demand like price and income, and different types of market systems. The goal is to explain the basic functions and forces within economic systems and markets.
Chapter 5 Efficiency and Equity· Using prices in markets to a.docx
Chapter 5: Efficiency and Equity
· Using prices in markets to allocate scarce resources is one of many alternative methods of allocating scarce resources.
· Tools such as consumer surplus and producer surplus help evaluate efficiency.
· The outcomes from the various methods used to allocate scarce resources, especially markets, can be examined in terms of both their efficiency and fairness.
I.
Resource Allocation Methods
Resources are scarce, so they somehow must be allocated. Different methods of allocating resources include:
· Market price: The people who are willing and able to buy a resource get the resource.
· Command: a command system allocates resources by the order (command) of someone in authority. A command system works well in organizations with clear lines of authority but does not work well at allocating resources in the entire economy.
· Majority rule: resources are allocated in accordance with majority vote. Majority rule works well when the allocation decisions being made affect a large number of people and self-interest leads to bad decisions.
· Contest: resources are allocated to the winner. Contests work well when the efforts of the players are hard to measure, such as top managers being in a contest to be named CEO of a company.
· First-come, first-serve: resources are allocated to those who are first in line. This allocation method works well when the resource can serve just one user at a time in a sequence, as is the case with, say, a bank teller or an ATM.
· Lottery: resources are allocated to the people who pick the winning number, choose the lucky card, etc. Lotteries work best when there is no effective way to distinguish among potential users of a scarce resource.
· Personal characteristics: resources are allocated to people with the “right” characteristics.
· Force: resources are allocated to those who can forcibly take the resources.
II.
Benefit, Cost, and Surplus
Demand, Willingness to Pay, and Value
· The value of one more unit of a good or service is its marginal benefit. Marginal benefit is the maximum price that people are willing to pay for another unit of a good or service. And the willingness to pay for a good or service determines the demand for it. Consequently the demand curve for a good or service is also its marginal benefit curve.
· The market demand curve is the horizontal sum of the individual demand curves and is formed by adding the quantities demanded by all the individuals at each price.
· The demand curve in the figure shows that the maximum price a person is willing to pay for the 6 millionth gallon of milk per month is $3, so $3 is the marginal benefit of this gallon.
· MSB curve: In the absence of externalities, which will be discussed later, the market demand curve is also the economy’s marginal social benefit (MSB) curve. It reflects the number of dollars’ worth of other goods and services willingly given up to obtain one more unit of a good.
· The figure shows that the ...
0._ introduction_0.ppt
This document provides an introduction to a course on microeconomics principles taught by Akos Lada. It outlines the following key points:
1. The course objectives are to (re)introduce students to economics and its applications in public policy, familiarize students with economic vocabulary and tools, and focus on microeconomics principles.
2. The content will cover topics like demand and supply, elasticity, market interventions, welfare analysis, production, competition and externalities over 4 weeks. Assignments include readings, problem sets, and exams to evaluate students without official grades.
3. The document reviews some of the key economic principles taught in the course, including the concepts of scarcity, opportunity costs,
Pricing Objectives
The document discusses five approaches to setting price objectives for non-profit organizations: surplus maximization, cost recovery, market size maximization, social equity, and market disincentivization. It provides details on each approach, including pros and cons. For example, cost recovery focuses on covering operating costs but can hinder expansion. Market size maximization sets low prices to attract more customers but risks customers perceiving the product as low quality. The document also discusses "a la carte" pricing and provides examples of how the SPCA of Wake County could implement various forms of a la carte pricing for their services and programs.
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真实可查(nwu毕业证书)美国西北大学毕业证学位证书范本原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(nwu毕业证书)美国西北大学毕业证学位证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
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South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
办理美国SDSU毕业证书制作南达科他州立大学假文凭定制Q微168899991做SDSU留信网教留服认证海牙认证改SDSU成绩单GPA做SDSU假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请南达科他州立大学South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
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Session(รวม)-Sum11[1]
- 1. Economic Analysis and Public Policy Session 1 Introduction & Overview Christopher Grandy 6/13/11
- 15. Economic Analysis and Public Policy Sessions 2 and 3 Competition & Efficiency Gathering Information Christopher Grandy June 13-14, 2011
- 18. Illustration of Pareto Efficiency Person A Person B 0 0 Moo Satay Pad Thai Set of Pareto Efficient Allocations
- 20. Illustration of Competitive Markets & Pareto Efficiency Person A Person B 0 0 Moo Satay Pad Thai
- 21. Bottom Line Because each person is doing as well as s/he can (each is on the highest indifference curve possible) GIVEN the starting position and the price, there is NO role for policy in improving this allocation of resources without hurting one of the participants.
- 24. Illustration of Consumer Surplus Price Quantity D P 0 Q 0 Consumer Surplus
- 26. Illustration of Producer Surplus Price Quantity P 0 Q 0 S Producer Surplus (also called “rent”)
- 28. Illustration of Social Surplus Price Quantity D P 0 Q 0 S
- 30. Illustration of Change in Social Surplus Due to Price Reduction Price Quantity D P 0 Q 0 S P 1 Q 1 Loss in Social Surplus (Mainly due to loss in producer surplus)
- 37. Economic Analysis and Public Policy Sessions 4 and 5 Market Failures I: Public Goods & Externalities Christopher Grandy June 14-15, 2011
- 40. Public Goods Public Goods are those that lack either rivalry (they are nonrivalrous) or excludability (they are nonexcludable) or both. Consider these examples:
- 42. Public Goods: Type I Rivalry & Nonexcludability Quantity of Fresh Water Price of Fresh Water D MPC Includes the cost of gathering and transporting the water and the reduction in stock of water for this individual only. MSC Includes cost of gathering and transporting, but also reflects reduction in stock of water available to all. Q P P P Q S P S Socially optimal consumption Equilibrium private consumption
- 47. Market Demand for Rival and Nonrival Goods Rivalrous Good Q P D 1 D 2 D P Q Nonrival Good D 1 D 2 D Market Demand is the horizontal sum (over quantity) of individual demand Market Demand is the vertical sum (over price) of individual demand
- 48. Public Goods: Type II Nonrivalry & Excludability Toll Number of Travelers D S When toll road is not congested, supply exceeds demand at a zero price. Everyone can travel for free. But how is the toll road paid for? Charge a toll and accept underconsumption? Tax everyone & allow all to travel? 0
- 49. Public Goods: Type II Nonrivalry & Excludability w/ Congestion Toll Number of Travelers D At some point, each additional traveler imposes costs on others. A fee reflecting those costs may be appropriate. But this does NOT solve the problem of how to pay for toll road itself. 0 S P 0
- 56. Positive Externality: Education Education P S MPB MSB If parents only pay attention to the benefits to them of educating their child, then they are on the Marginal Private Benefit curve, and will choose education level E 0 . However, if education has positive socialization effects (encouraging cooperation, less violence, etc.), then there are benefits which accrue to others. And MSB is the relevant curve. The optimal level of education is then E*. The parents don’t spend enough on education at E 0 . May justify public subsidies for education. E 0 E*